Q- Which one of the following conditions is characterized by the flattening of intestinal villi?
A- Celiac disease
B- Crohn’s disease
C- Duodenal ulcer
D- Ulcerative colitis
A- Celiac disease- It shows flattened villi in duodenal biopsy. It is caused by allergic, or toxic reaction to the gliadin component of gluten. Patients complain of diarrhea and flatulence. It is treated with a free-gluten diet.
Q- Anti-mitochondrial antibodies are most likely found in patients with which one of the following conditions?
A- Gastric ulcer
B- Primary biliary cirrhosis
C- Rheumatic fever
D- Viral hepatitis B
B- Primary biliary cirrhosis- This autoimmune condition affects older females in their forties and causes lymphocytic and granulomatous destruction of bile ducts.
Q- In a case of acute renal failure caused by hyperplastic arteriosclerosis, which one of the following substances is most likely elevated in the patient’s blood?
A- Calcium
B- Cholesterol
C- Renin
D- Triglycerides
C- Renin- Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis, often associated with severe hypertension, causes thickening of the walls of small arteries and arterioles, particularly in the kidneys. This can lead to ischemia in the renal tissue. In response to decreased renal perfusion, the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys release renin to try to raise blood pressure and restore blood flow.
